Canevin Theater Essays (734 words) - Broadway Musicals,

Canevin Theater Canevin Catholic High School offers numerous extra curricular exercises. Those understudies designed for the physical difficulties may browse different athletic projects, for example, b-ball, soccer, and football. Then again, there are extra exercises for those increasingly keen on a psychological test. These understudies may join such associations anyplace from FBLA to Forensics. Nonetheless, of all the extra curricular exercises offered by Canevin, none energizes me more than Dramatics. This paper investigates my most recent three years contribution in the yearly melodic creations here at Canevin. Generally, Canevin's dramatizations has been a full-scale melodic creation acted in the spring. Understudies may try out for theme, acting or moving parts or they may go along with one of the many stage teams. During first year, I went for the melodic Working. Working delineated various vocations through discourse, routine. Shockingly, I made callbacks. At the point when the cast list was posted, the job of Anthony Polazzo, the Mason, was granted to me. Following quite a while of difficult work and practices, it was at long last premiere night. From that time on, I understood Dramatics was for me. The next year, the beginning up meeting couldn't show up quick enough for me. The play chose for my sophomore year was Damn Yankees. The melodic's principle character was Joe Hardy. Joe needed so radically to play baseball for the Washington Senators, that he was eager to offer his spirit to the fallen angel. At the point when the cast list was posted this time, I was alloted to assume the job of Mr. Welch. As proprietor of the Washington Senator's, I was required to depict a lofty and sure specialist who making the most of his stogies. In one brief year, I went from an artisan in overalls, to a baseball crew proprietor decked out in formal attire. That is the big time! Into the Woods was chosen as the melodic for the next year. The story line included different adjustments of customary fantasies. All things considered, if artisan to proprietor wasn't sufficiently outrageous, what might you say about Cinderella's dad? Junior year discovered me playing the character of a more seasoned man who weds for the subsequent time, to a lady with two annoying little girls. In a place of four ladies, no big surprise he turned to drinking. Coordinated to utilize a silver flagon as a prop and a considerable measure of spontaneous creation of drinks, I depicted the character of Cinderella's dad as an alcoholic. At the point when the last drape descended shutting night on Into the Woods, there was, be that as it may, one more execution still to come. This year Canevin had been selected for 6 Gene Kelly Awards, remembering Best Musical for Budget Level 2. The Gene Kelly Awards supported by Pittsburgh's Civic Light Opera perceives understudies for greatness in High School melodic theater. The evening of the honors, those schools named for Best Show perform on the Benedum stage a determination from their creation. Additional practices were planned, and a last practice with the Benedum ensemble was required. I am glad to report that Canevin was granted the Gene Kelly for Best Costume Design and Best Musical in our division. Also, every year two understudies are approached to speak to their school in a last creation number. This esteemed respect is constantly given to two seniors. Shockingly, this year, two of the practices fell during graduation exercises. Since 5 practices are compulsory, our executive, Treva Rueso made her determinations from the lesser cast individuals. A kindred junior and I were blissful to be picked to join individuals from all the taking an interest schools in the last creation number, Keep Your Eyes on the Goal. The plenty of blissful individuals acclaiming at the end of the Gene Kelly's was exceptional. It was to be sure a respect to speak to Canevin in this cooperation of understudies practicing their numerous gifts. I have encountered many satisfying minutes in my years at Canevin, however few have been as charging as imparting to individual cast and team individuals their capacity, fortitude, and duty in making the yearly school melodic. The Dramatic program keeps on astounding its supporters with imaginative melodic theater. Through my involvement with putting on a melodic, I have realized working as a group. The kinship was extreme and fulfilling. I

Political impacts of Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar Roman general, legislator and representative who concedes all chances to get a king’s crown. In spite of losing his dad at sixteen years old, nothing slows down him. He powerfully leaves his public activity and country. He demonstrates assurance to get what he thinks about best for his kin, in spite of being ceaselessly from home.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Political effects of Julius Caesar explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, he gets a chance to manage privateers in Cilicia (Canfora, page 4). While in Asia, he plays out his obligations well and wins trusts of Roman commandants. This gives him an impressive ground, for the undertaking that anticipates him back home. As much as Caesar goes through his time on earth in Asia, his desire to get back holds solid. A reality which appears in subsequent political exercises during his rule (Canfora, page 5). After his father’s destruction, he faces a great d eal of death dangers by Sulla who considers him to be a potential foe. He is a danger to control in this way, Sulla commandingly sends him away. This is a direct result of his undying wish to shield the resistance. A disaster that causes him to understand the significance of battling for his peoples’ advantage. His assurance makes him run for his life while changing concealing spots each night. Sulla’s supporters think about Caesars refuges, yet neglect to make a move. This makes Sulla a disappointment, as he faces opposition in his desire to murder Julius Caesar (Canfora, page 3). The arrival of Julius Caesar to Rome upon Sulla’s demise carries a murmur of alleviation to his kin. This is on the grounds that; respected justices trust him and make it workable for Caesar to endure and flourish (Canfora, page 4). His conduct and certainty shows the administration in him, in this way Caesar get respect from Lepidus. Caesar can settle on choices and figure out who am ong his seniors has a possibility of starting achievement. In Lepidus, he sees a swashbuckler who neglects to give sensible offers that walk his conviction. He dismisses Lepidus recommendations upon his appearance in Rome. This empowers Lepidus to see the authority potential in Caesar and makes his desire to work with him in the administration (Canfora, page 5). Caesar knows the requirements of his kin, along these lines he doesn't permit pioneers of terrible characters to command Roman guideline. He neglects to fall prey of Lepidus terrible activities and declines his recommendations. His move closes Lepidus political vocation, which includes profiting by solid leaders.Advertising Looking for exposition on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More therefore, Caesar’s inverse conduct demonstrates his capacity to change the legislative issues of the Roman standard. He settles on extreme choices that favor him, yet in addi tion benefits others. His choice to remain wedded to the Cinna’s little girl at a more youthful age and to contradict Lepidus structure a solid base in his political move (Canfora, page 5). His desire to move to the Roman political seat has Caesar adjust himself to pioneers, for example, Pompey and Crassus (Nardo, page 28). This is on the grounds that; Pompey doesn't bolster the Sullan constitution, a factor that is normal between the two. Pompey at that point acquaints Crassus with Caesar with whom together they share Roman administration. Thus, they structure the primary triumvirate in Rome. During their standard, Caesar prosecutes blackmailers from the Sullan rule. He means to clear violations the Romans face during Sullas rule. This gives him more trust from his kin as he manages past shameful acts (Canfora, page 6). Caesar ascends to the situation of a military tribune, in view of his insight in winning constituent crusades. While in the situation of a military tribune, he endeavors to protect the legislative issues of populares and reestablish expert in the tribunes. Likewise, he guides his endeavors to make sure about return of Lepidus adherents from Italy. This reunites his kin and increment his fame among the Romans. Besides, Caesar underpins the appointment of Crassus into the situation of a consular (Canfora, page 14). Caesar ignores the misconception among them and guarantees that Crassus wins the decisions. In this manner, Caesar exploits in Crassus’s political situation to accomplish his fantasy for the Romans. Notwithstanding his strategic devastating the Sullan constitution along with Pompey and Crassus, Caesar utilizes his position. In his new situation as a quaestor, Caesar reestablishes political respect to Marian group. A signal that makes him adequate to the Romans, this shows during her aunt’s burial service (Canfora, page 15). Thusly, Caesar connects with the individuals by demonstrating a motion brimming with sentim ents and tenderness. This is uncommon of political pioneers in Rome. He gives equivalent chances to ladies and supports their commitment. In this manner, he is one lawmaker with a distinction to the individuals (Canfora, page 16).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Political effects of Julius Caesar explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Caesar can command and overcome, he can win the trust of the Romans and assemble his political position. During his political profession, he accomplishes a deep rooted fantasy about controlling an area in Further Spain. A move he begins by building associations with the area and building up a system of customers (Canfora, page 16). This he considers significant for settling his political position similarly as Pompey, in whom he contributes for political predominance does. His confidence in equity improves his acknowledgment by individuals from the area. He offers his administrations to them during his visit, a motion that proceeds with his work to help the region (Canfora, page 17). Be that as it may, times change and Caesar understands his inability to accomplish the best throughout everyday life. He thinks about himself to Alexander who at his age is a ruler, governing a major number of individuals (Edwards, page 7). He chooses to utilize his political position and give himself the ideal triumph. Accordingly, Caesar leaves the territory before his term closures and comes back to Rome (Nardo, page 30). His appearance denotes the start of an adjustment in his political vocation. He makes decides that favor his political wish and requests consideration in complex governmental issues. So also, Caesar keeps up his political partners despite the fact that he needs to accomplish singular plans (Canfora, page 19). Caesar gets ready for war while at the focal point of his political profession. This he does because of the trust and backing of Pompey and Crassus. He gets the option to move and accomplis h individual progressions, a bit of leeway he uses to collect the best warriors. In picking his warriors, he utilizes his knowledge group to pick the individuals who battle without favor and disappointment. What's more, Caesar prepares his fighters utilizing Roman knights and legislators who have aptitudes in arms. This empowers him to get into fighting just as win, he figures out how to reestablish landmarks to Marius military (Edwards, page 10). Having his troopers get the best preparing offers Caesar a chance to equal and vanquish various states. His overcoming of Gaul makes him a momentous innovator in Roman history. He fabricates a divider to forestall section of the Helvetii through his area. He is hesitant to support the Helvetii and feels perilous in having them gain admittance to Santones. This is on the grounds that the Helvetii have a similarly solid armed force as the Romans (Caesar, page 5).Advertising Searching for exposition on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Caesar utilizes his military to battle the Helvetii in their endeavor to overcome the Aedui domain. Moreover, regions contiguous the Aedui, look for help from Caesar to help shield themselves from the Helvetii. Caesar in spite of having a nearby connection to Dumnorix through his sibling, he guarantees control of the Helvetii (Caesar, page 11). He in the long run figures out how to vanquish neighboring regions and grow his Roman regions regardless all things considered. Clearly, Caesar gets exercises advanced, he utilizes his situation to start and win wars. Likewise he goes through a ton of government cash in his political activities in this manner indebting his nation. Thusly, his endeavors to get cash from different areas bomb making him frantic. His last answer for settling budgetary requirements is affable war. This he does to help manage circumstance of Romans assaulting him when needing cash. He partners Lucceius during political decisions to empower them us his cash in paying off individuals. This encourages him win decisions as he has no funds to keep up his political vocation (Canfora, page 27). Caesar takes Rome through ridiculous wars that empower him to acquire riches to balance his obligations. He overcomes Britain and gets their gold and palm for his utilization in bargain exchange (Canfora, page 29). He battles and overcomes different domains having a place with incredible pioneers. This makes a more grounded political pioneer than his partner Pompey. Therefore, their relationship is debilitated and Pompey leaves for war Italy. Likewise, he battles against Pompey who later bites the dust in war after annihilation by Caesar (Edwards page 34). Due to his dread of assault after Pompey’s demise, Caesar battles against King Ptolemy. His success empowers him to overcome Egypt however he neglects to make it a region. This is on the grounds that; Egypt has odds of overcoming Rome later on. Moreover, Caesar crosses into Syria and takes part in war , he in the long run crushes Pompey’s children in Spain (Edwards, page 35). In any case, as much as he wins numerous wars Caesar face difficulties in two events, when Pompey endeavors to topple him in war. He likewise faces difficulties while taking on his last conflict in Spain. In addition, he loses his nearby partners while doing combating in various pieces of the world (Edwards, pg 36). Taking everything into account, Caesar is a man of extraordinary capacities; he utilizes his power to get each region for his kin. His expert articulation in discourse makes it poss

Cortisol and Stress How to Stay Healthy

Cortisol and Stress How to Stay Healthy Stress Management Effects on Health Print Cortisol: The Stress Hormone By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 21, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Brook Pifer/Iconica/Getty Images Cortisol is closely linked with stress.?? It is a hormone that works as a key player in the bodys stress response and is often measured in research as an indicator of stress. Cortisol plays a vital role in the bodys functioning; its secreted by the adrenal glands and involved in the following functions and more: Proper glucose metabolismRegulation of blood pressure??Insulin release for blood sugar maintenanceImmune functionInflammatory response Positive Effects Cortisol levels can fluctuate among individuals and in the same people at different times in the day. For example, normally, cortisol is present in the body at higher levels in the morning, and at it is lowest at night. The cycle repeats daily.?? It can also fluctuate based on what a person is experiencing. For instance, although stress isn’t the only reason that cortisol is secreted into the bloodstream, it has been termed “the stress hormone” because it’s also secreted in higher levels during the body’s stress response  and is responsible for several stress-related changes in the body. Small increases of cortisol have some positive effects: A quick burst of energy for survival reasons??Heightened memory functionsA burst of increased immunityLower sensitivity to painHelps maintain homeostasis in the body Some people experience a greater spike in cortisol than others when they experience stress. It is also possible to minimize the amount of cortisol you secrete in response to stressors. This can be accomplished using stress management techniques on a regular basis, which well discuss later in this article. Effects of Too Much Cortisol and Stress While cortisol is an important and helpful part of the body’s response to stress, it’s important that the body’s relaxation response be activated so the body’s functions can return to normal following a stressful event. Unfortunately, in our current high-stress culture, the body’s stress response is activated so often that the body doesn’t always have a chance to return to normal, resulting in a state of chronic stress. Higher and more prolonged levels of cortisol in the bloodstream (such as those associated with chronic stress) have been shown to have negative effects, such as: Impaired cognitive performanceSuppressed thyroid functionBlood sugar imbalances such as hyperglycemiaDecreased bone density??Decrease in muscle tissueHigher blood pressureLowered immunity and inflammatory responses in the body, slowed wound healing, and other health consequencesIncreased abdominal fat, which is associated with a greater amount of health problems than fat deposited in other areas of the body. Some of the health problems associated with increased stomach fat are heart attacks, strokes, developing  metabolic syndrome, higher levels of “bad” cholesterol (LDL) and lower levels of “good” cholesterol (HDL), which can lead to other health problems.?? How to Stay Balanced To keep cortisol levels healthy and under control, the body’s relaxation response should be activated after the fight or flight response occurs.?? You can learn to relax your body with various stress management techniques, and you can make lifestyle changes in order to keep your body from reacting to stress in the first place. The following have been found by many to be very helpful in relaxing the body and mind, aiding the body in maintaining healthy cortisol levels: Guided ImageryJournalingSelf-HypnosisExerciseYoga??Listening to MusicBreathing Exercises??MeditationSex Cortisol and You As mentioned before, cortisol secretion varies among individuals. People are biologically ‘wired’ to react differently to stress. One person may secrete higher levels of cortisol than another in the same situation. And this tendency can change at different times in a persons life. Studies have also shown that people who secrete higher levels of cortisol in response to stress also tend to eat more food  and food that is higher in carbohydrates than people who secrete less cortisol.?? If you’re more sensitive to stress, it’s especially important for you to learn stress management techniques and maintain a low-stress lifestyle. this is a great way to get cortisol secretion under control and maintain a healthy lifestyle at the same time. Getting more information on stress and resources to help you to manage it can help you to build habits that can help you to cope with stress once your stress response is triggered.

Essay Sustainable Land Management in Latin America

Sustainable Land Management in Latin America â€Å"The enthusiastic celebration of indigenous skills can be the basis of alternative strategies of development.† – W.M. Adams Introduction The sustainability of land management practices in developing countries is in question currently as a way to address poverty. Yet, this investigation is often done with the assumption that people in developing countries are acting irresponsibly and their behavior must be corrected by more enlightened conservationists from North America , Europe , and northern Asia . An analysis of the history of different land management practices shows that environmental degradation was often the result of colonial disruption of indigenous peoples. In the 1990†¦show more content†¦Each of these practices served as building blocks in constructing civilizations. Fire is one of the earliest-used and most universal human tools for land management. Fire was used by the hominid Homo erectus as early as 790,000 years ago, according to recent research in Israel (Rincon, 2004). Early Homosapiens, or humans, in eastern Africa used prescribed burning to encourage the re-growth of grasses and trees. Altering landscapes in differing degrees depending upon intensity, â€Å"the setting of fires is one of humankind’s most potent tools for effecting landscape and environmental change† (Horn, 1998). Prescribed burning can be used to prevent larger fires by removing smaller fuel, improve grazing areas, and encourage regeneration of trees and shrubs by making seedbeds (Ffolliott et al., 2001). This practice, whether developed indigenously or brought to the western hemisphere with the first peoples to migrate from Siberia , was used by the ancestors of Latin American peoples. In the area that is now Chirripà ³ National Park in Costa Rica people have used prescribed burns as a land management practice for thousands of years, shaping the landscape to their needs. The park, set on a mountain range, has a pà ¡ramo, or tropical alpine climate, which includes both treeless areas and montane forests. Fires started by humans since prehistoric times, up to when the glaciers receded 10,000 years ago, have helped to adapt the treeless areas of vegetation,Show MoreRelated Afro-descendants in Latin America Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesThere are currently 150 million Afro-descendants in Latin America who make up nearly 30 percent of the region’s population (Congressional Research Service, 2005). Out of the fifteen Latin American nations that have recently adapted some sort of multicultural reform, only three give recognize Afro-Latino communities and give them the same rights as indigenous groups (Hooker, 2005). Indigenous groups are more successful than a fro-descendent groups in gaining collective rights and development aid fromRead MoreThe Sustainable Development Is Defined By The Brundtland Report Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction/Background Sustainable development is defined by the Brundtland Report as â€Å"development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. (World Commission on Environment and Development). The Gross National Product (GNP) measures the economic activities and production of every country. As the GNP of a country tends to rise so does its resource consumption. Industrialized nations consume more energy per capita thanRead MoreEssay about Farming The Tambopata Reserve 1078 Words   |  5 Pagesregions of Latin America. The area is home to undernourished children, lack of secure work and education. There is an imperative need not just for Tambopata, but all of Peru to increase its economy and enable the access of basic needs to its citizens. While the area of Tambopata has many arguments for its potential use, sustainable soybean cultivation is the best approach to improve Peruvian infrastructure, economy and future preservation of natural areas. There are many potential land uses forRead MoreThe International Tropical Timber Agreement1252 Words   |  6 Pagesagreement and cooperation towards the ‘management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types of forests’ (United Nations, 1994), located between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer (United Nations, 1994). The participants were classified into timber producers and consumers. (Stevenson, 2006) The majority of which were developing nations in Latin America, Africa and Asia (Stevenson, 2006). The remaining producers included developed nations in North America and Europe (Brown Weiss, 1998). TogetherRead Morehow globalization and environmental sustainability influence strategic management14776 Words   |  60 Pagesenvironmental management and sustainability in the region associated with globalization, recognizing that the main channels through which globalization affects the environment are shifts in trade, investment and technology flows. It identifies the new challenges for international cooperation that stem from the recognition of this increased environmental interdependence among countries. 259 PART II: REGIONAL OUTLOOK The new and shifting imperatives of global environmental management were broughtRead MoreVenezuela Food Security Speech : World Vision1225 Words   |  5 Pagesthe community to reduce food insecurity. I’ve investigated the challenges that have led to food insecurity in Venezuela and evaluated two possible methods for food security to be improved. Venezuela is located in Northern country of South America and has a total area of 916 445 square kilometres and has a moderate. Rainfall varies between 430 millimetres in the north and over 1000millimetres in the Amazon jungle to the south (Countrystudies, 2014). The estimated population is approximatelyRead MoreProblems Associated With Food Shortages1397 Words   |  6 Pagessubstantial food is produced to relevantly feed everyone, although this food and the technological advances to produce it might not continually reach those in need. As a result of food shortages, nearly one thousand million people do not get a sustainable amount of food to eat and over four hundred million are starving. Every year nearly eleven million children under the age of seven die from hunger-related diseases (Lean, Hinrichsen and Markham, 1990). In recent years there has been impressiveRead MoreThe Rural Development Institute ( Rdi )912 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rural Development Institute (RDI) was first conceived in 1966 when an article about Pacific land reform was brought to the attention of Roy Prosterman by one of his students. The article argued that an effective way for land reform to happen in Latin America was through confiscation and redistribution. Prosterman disagreed with the approach and wrote a rebuttal to the article emphasizing democratic markets and stating that compensation must be given during the process of acquisition (ProstermanRead MoreA Brief Note On Sustainable Cities And Communities Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pages Annette Johnson Committee 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities Honduras Position Paper Part 1 History of sustainability within communities Poverty has become one of the main conflicts of creating international sustainability. About 44 million in total of the extremely poor occupy Latin America, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In 2012 it was recorded that over 77.8 percent of the impecunious population lived in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, in addition to the 147 millionRead MoreWhy Cities Need Strategic Planning Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific goals, investigate strengths and examine weaknesses. Derived those functions, it will be argued that cities need strategic planning because it is a helpful tool for building consensus on future urban model, an effective mechanism to administer land development as well as an important instrument to promote progressive forms of governance. The concept of strategic planning is treated differently by urban planners and a researcher in history is because it was not originally intended to be used

Dna Testing And Law Enforcement Officers Essay - 1825 Words

DNA forensics is a division of forensic science that focuses on the use of genetic material in criminal investigation to answer questions pertaining to legal situations, including criminal and civil cases. Through DNA testing, law enforcement officers are able to identify human remains or the individual responsible for a crime. DNA testing is a highly advanced scientific process that involves replicating the human DNA sequence to create a genetic map of an individual. Because of its reliability, DNA testing has become a significant factor in criminal cases. However, it has also been identified as having the potential to violate privacy and constitutional rights. The DNA identification process consists of five stages. These five stages include isolation, quantification, polymerase chain reaction, short tandem polymerase chain reaction, and interpretation. Isolation refers to the extraction of DNA from the nucleus of tissue cells. After extraction, scientists quantify the DNA sample by ensuring that it is at least one billionth of a gram in size. If the sample is smaller the isolation process must be repeated. Next, through polymerase chain reaction, the single strand of DNA is split down the middle into two pieces and replicated to create a larger sample. Next, through short tandem polymerase chain reaction, smaller sections of the DNA sequence are replicated. This allows scientists to interpret the DNA and create a genetic profile of the individual from whom the original DNAShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Science By Law Enforcement1653 Words   |  7 Pagesscience, and engineering to matters of law,† (2014). The emphasis here is the use of technology and science by law enforcement officers and agencies and is accepted and recognized by the criminal justice system. It is seen as scientific technology or Criminalistics, (Dempsey Forst, 2013). While technology plays a role in this, it is most recognized by the use of science by law enforcement and allowing scientific information to be admissible in the court of law. For this reason, forensic science isRead MoreTechnology And The Field Of Criminal Justice Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesbareback to driving armored cars. These advances along with many others have almost completely changed how things are handled in all aspects of the law. Technology is the persistent application of information in the design, production and use of goods and services, and in the organization of human activities. Criminal Justice is the system of law enforcement, involving police, lawyers, courts, and corrections, used for all phases of criminal procedures and penalty. As technology is used in the organizationRead MoreForensic Databases Have Grown With Our Advancements In869 Words   |  4 Pagesgrown with our advancements in technology that law enforcement uses a forensic DNA database that uses a method called, familial matching. Familial DNA searching looks for partial matches that can not only match the suspect’s DNA, but the suspect’s family line. This is unlike the typical DNA database that law enforcement has used for years. For that DNA database makes an exact match between the suspect of the crime and his or her DNA sample. Familial DNA searches have been found to be beneficial toRead MoreHow Catch A Criminal : Ins truments And Techniques Used For Investigations1651 Words   |  7 Pageslike CSI, Criminal Minds and Law and Order and how they depict the life of Criminal Investigators. They are young, independent, living somewhere on Paradise Island and in their spare time, when not hanging on a beach with a Pina Colada, they get a call about a case needing to be solved immediately. Which they do, by themselves and everyone high fives them. After studying Criminal Justice for a couple of years and growing up in a family full of Law Enforcement officers, I can assure you that realityRead MorePreventing Wrongful Convictions Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesEvery time an innocent person is exonerated based on DNA testing, law enforcement agencies look at what caused the wrongful convictions. There are many issues that contribute to putting guiltless lives behind bars including: eyewitness misidentification, false confessions, imperfect forensic science, and more (Gould and Leo 18). When a witness i s taken into a police station to identify a suspect, it is easy for their memories to be blurred and their judgment influenced. This can lead the witnessRead MoreThe Case Of Maryland V King1670 Words   |  7 Pagesexplicitly related to the legality of DNA collection of individuals early in the booking process for serious crimes. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that pre-conviction DNA collection of those arrested for serious crimes is constitutional and does not violate the Fourth Amendment; a decision that will forever change the way DNA testing is used by the judicial system. This decision in favor of Maryland on the constitutionality of pre-conviction DNA testing was a result of the conclusions ofRead MoreThe Central Park Five1248 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Crime, deviance, and unethical conduct can found within almost every occupation and profession. Police ethics is the conduct that everyone is most concerned with. Police officers enter into an occupation that shares many characteristics of other career fields, but it also has unique responsibilities that deal with conduct and behavior. The PBS documentary: The Central Park Five, demonstrates two of the most common misconduct issues that the criminal justice professionals deal with nobleRead MoreThe Evolution of Warrantless Searches With Alcohol, Blood, And DNA With the creation of the2200 Words   |  9 Pages The Evolution of Warrantless Searches With Alcohol, Blood, And DNA With the creation of the First Congress, framers manifested the Fourth Amendment to provide sufficient privacy standards for the citizens of the United States of America. Framers upheld the 4th Amendment to sustain a functioning government-governed relationship, where officials respect individuals’ privacy and rights. During the First Congress, framers explicitly granted, â€Å"the right of the people to be secureRead MoreWrongful Convictions Essay Examples1456 Words   |  6 Pagesconvictions have been overturned and as a result of DNA evidence, seventeen people who were wrongfully convicted have been released from death row. The average person spends approximately thirteen years in prison before being exonerated. Over two thousand wrongfully convicted individuals have been exonerated. Wrongful convictions are an important case of social injustice. Every time an innocent person is exonerated based on DNA testing, law enforcement agencies look at what caused the wrongful convictionsRead MoreThe Death Penalty And The Criminal Justice System1475 Words   |  6 Pagesconvictions eyewitness identification, improper DNA testing, and false confessions. The Innocence Project is a project working to free the innocent and bring awareness to the issue of wrongful convictions around the world. In this page reports, that the percentage of exoneration cases are 235 involving eyewitness misidentification (The Innocence Project). Eyewitness misidentification is the highest contributing cause to wrongful convictions proven by DNA testing. There are three types of eyewitness identification

Topographic Map Free Essays

MS 217 Dennis Borzakov Class 723 January 15, 2013 Problem HOW IS A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP MADE Hypothesis I think that to make a topographic map you have to see the form of the object from up top. To do this you need a satellite image. These images are called aerial photographs. We will write a custom essay sample on Topographic Map or any similar topic only for you Order Now Using elevation calculators and ground measures cartographers then make topographic maps. Materials †¢ Clay model landform †¢ Water tinted with food coloring †¢ Transparency †¢ Clear plastic storage box with lid †¢ Beaker †¢ Metric ruler †¢ Tape †¢ Transparency marker Procedure 1. Using the ruler and the transparency marker, make marks up the side of the storage box one centimeter apart. 2. Place the clay model into the storage box. The bottom of the box will be zero elevation. 3. Secure the transparency to the top of the storage box with tape. 4. Using the beaker, pour water into the box to a height of one cm. 5. Use the transparency marker to trace the top of the water line on the transparency. 6. Using the scale 1cm=10m, mark the elevation on the line. 7. Remove the transparency and add water until a depth of 2cm is reached. 8. Map this level on the transparency and record the elevation. . Repeat the process of adding water and tracing until you have the hill mapped on the transparency. 10. Transfer the tracing of the hill onto a white sheet of paper. 11. Use the ruler to transfer the hill from the white sheet of paper to graph paper. Analysis The counter interval of this topographic map is 1cm is equal to 10 m. The distance between contour lines on the map show steepness of a slope on the landform model because the closer the lines are the steeper the hill is, the farther apart the lines are the more the gentle the rising of the hill will be. The elevation of Hill A is 80 meters and the elevation of Hill B is 90 meters. Elevation was presented on the map by the number of counter lines. The one with the most counter lines is the taller one. Conclusion In this experiment we took on the job of a cartographer. We graphed clay model hills to express elevation. We traced images of the forms from the transparency to the white sheet of paper to express the difference in counter lines. How to cite Topographic Map, Papers

My views on Civil Disobedience Essay Example For Students

My views on Civil Disobedience Essay Henry David Thoreau takes his views of government and expresses them through this essay. He starts off by saying I heartily accept the motto, That government is best which governs least' I disagree with this quote, although, too much power to the government is never a good thing either. With no government people are free to do what they want, and there would be no direct way to communicate with foreign nations. Thoreau says it will work when people are prepared for it, but its not in human nature to be that good willed. Every person has faults and will eventually get the urge to steal something, or hurt somebody. Henry David Thoreau then goes on to talk about how the government can do what they want. He uses the Mexican war as an example, and says that most people would not agree with their decision. Governments show thus how successfully men can be imposed on. I disagree with this quote also because I feel it is one-sided. The American government is a democracy and the people have a great say in what happens. The way Thoreau describes it makes it sound like a dictatorship, where the people have no say, and no rights. He constantly says that the government is expedient. Thoreau thinks that the government does what they want and it is in the best interest for themselves. This is not true because almost everything that may benefit the government, benefits the rest of the nation as well. they would deserve to be classed and punished with those mischievous persons who put obstructions on the railroads. Thoreau thinks the government has done so much wrong that they should be punished the way actual criminals are punished. To me, this seems a little bit harsh because the government never intentionally hurt anybody. .

Plastic Surgery Gone Wrong free essay sample

Abstract Throughout the paper a complete argument as to why people should not get cosmetic surgery will be explained. Starting with the history of cosmetic surgery and why it is around, leading into the basis of the argument and an explanation of the definitions that need to be defined. After the basics then there will be a case study that goes into the different types of dangers that occur from different types of cosmetic surgery (another definition for plastic surgery). Finishing the paper with statistics and one more case study that will further explain the point of why others should avoid having their body altered. All the history and background information comes from different history sites, the dangers and statistics come from medical sites and the cosmetic surgery gone wrong stories come from different news papers in the last six years. Cosmetic Surgery Gone Wrong The human race has an unrealistic expectation for physical perfection. We will write a custom essay sample on Plastic Surgery Gone Wrong or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Physical perfection is that model we see in the magazine or the actors that are on the television. Physical perfection is never having a blemish, or bad hair day, or being over a size six. Physical perfection is never having a scar, until you go under the knife and that hope for physical perfection is destroyed by the scar that is always left. Cosmetic surgery has been around for hundreds of years, through ancient times, the middle ages, the renaissance, and through the world wars. The only things about cosmetic surgery that have changed are the ways surgeons go about doing the procedures (Beautiful Body: A History of Plastic Surgery). Cosmetic surgery, things like, Botox, breast augmentation, nose jobs, liposuction, and face lifts, might sound good in theory, but in reality the risks of going under the knife far outweigh the rewards. Cosmetic surgery should not be an option to everybody, but only an option in very severe cases. To explain, medically necessary cosmetic surgery should be allowed. What constitutes as medically necessary are cases like burn victims, health issues occurring due to large breasts, and accidents that leave people with mutilated faces or other parts of the body. What should not be allowed is elective surgery, which is what people who want to get nose jobs or face lifts and Botox get just because they think it will make them achieve that idea of physical perfection. One of the most recent cases of an extreme cosmetic surgery disaster was back in June of 2011. A woman named Maria Shortall died in Weston, Florida after a liposuction procedure went in an unplanned direction. The procedure caused 22 different incisions and the woman was, for the most part, in a very healthy state, she should not have died at the age of 38 years old. As a result of this woman’s death, her daughter lost a mother, and the lives of a lot of people were altered because of a minor surgery that was not necessary and could have been avoided (abc News). Besides death, there are numerous different risks to having a cosmetic procedure done. The most common risk to cosmetic surgery is scarring. When you go to have a major procedure done, you are going to have a scar, this happens because you are having a knife cutting up your skin, and it will not heal all the way. Another risk to having a procedure done is a chance of getting seromas. Seromas is defined as the accumulation of tissue fluid, instead of blood. Also, infection is quite possible after getting surgery done. The hours after the surgery, your body is more open to getting infections since your it is left exposed from the wound, and bacteria is able to get in through the wound easier. Other possible risks of getting cosmetic surgery can include bleeding, necrosis- the death of tissues-, nerve damage, and there is also a risk of having a bad reaction to the anesthesia after the surgery or during (buzzle. om). In March of 2007, a middle aged woman, named Kay Cregan died of complications from having a face-lift and a nose job done at the age of 42 years old. Cregan was said to look older than her real age, and it was making her lose her self confidence and decided to fly into New York to have a face-lift and nose job done to help her look older. She ended up not making it through the surgery and never returned home to her family (Daily News: From dream to nigh tmare: Cosmetic surgery disasters). Besides the physical risks of undergoing cosmetic surgery, there are still emotional and mental risks. Depression plays a major role in cosmetic surgery. People have this preconceived idea that having cosmetic surgery will help them to give them the look that they have always wanted, and when they go through the surgery, they go in expecting way too much. If the surgery goes wrong, and things do not go the way the patient expects them to go that patient can then slip into depression (Business and Health: The Dangers of Plastic Surgery). Along with depression, people, mainly women, become addicted to plastic surgery. According to Yahoo! Voices, two-thirds of plastic surgery patients are repeat patients that come in more than once to have more work done. Women become obsessed with having the perfect body and they continue to find things to operate on repeatedly, and a lot of these people are said to have body dysmorphic disorder which makes that person think that they are ugly (Yahoo! Voice). Social factors can help to enhance a person’s addiction to surgery. Young women see on television all the time that these beautiful people are having cosmetic surgery done, and they think that since these seemingly beautiful women who are famous are getting it done, then that must mean that they are not good enough and need to get the surgery done as well (treatment4addiction. com). Michael Jackson, one of the most famous men to walk the plant in the 20th century, is a huge example for addiction to plastic surgery. Michael Jackson had an addiction to getting cosmetic surgery and had his nose worked on numerous times until there was barely anything left and had to get something new completely designed (People. Inside story: Michael Jackson’s Plastic Surgery). Taking a chance with cosmetic surgery can lead to a number of different disasters. Why would you want to take the risk if it is not necessary to? Love yourself the way you are, and embrace the person you are. You do not need to live up to that idea of physical perfection. You do not need to be that model in the magazine or the actress on the television. Cosmetic surgery is a major risk if it is not medically necessary. Love your life enough to want to protect it.

The Grim Sleeper Serial Killer Case

The Grim Sleeper Serial Killer Case For more than two decades, the Los Angeles Police Department worked to solve a series of 11 murders that occurred between 1985 and 2007 that were linked to the same suspect by DNA and ballistic evidence. Because the killer took an apparent 14-year hiatus between 1988 and 2002, the media dubbed him the Grim Sleeper. Here are the current developments in the trial of Lonnie Franklin Jr. Judge Blocks Defense DNA Evidence Nov. 9, 2015 - A proposed witness for the defendant in the Los Angeles Grim Sleeper case is not qualified to testify as an expert, a judge has ruled. Superior Court Judge Kathleen Kennedy said the testimony of a so-called DNA expert could not be used at the upcoming trial of Lonnie Franklin Jr. Lawrence Sowers was prepared to testify that some of the DNA found at the crime scenes of victims attributed to Franklin belonged to convicted serial killer Chester Turner instead. Judge Kennedy ruled that Sowers woefully failed to meet the generally accepted methods of the scientific community in the area of forensic DNA analysis. During a week-long evidentiary hearing, Sowers buckled under fierce cross-examination by Deputy District Attorney Marguerite Rizzo, who challenged him on his education, his calculations, and errors in his findings. When Sowers began to change his finding during the hearing, Franklins defense attorney Seymour Amster asked the judge to postpone the hearing. I do not feel comfortable, Amster told the judge, representing Mr. Franklin at this moment with Dr. Sowers on this case. An obviously frustrated Judge Kennedy denied the request. I’m not suspending this proceeding, Kennedy said. We have been in progress on it for days and days and days and days and days and we’re going to finish it. Franklin is scheduled to go on trial Dec. 15 on 11 counts of murder and other charges. Franklin Questions DNA Evidence May 1, 2015 - An attorney for the accused serial killer known as the Grim Sleeper believes DNA evidence in the cases of two women his client is suspected of killing belongs to another serial killer already on death row. Seymour Amster, attorney for Lonnie Franklin Jr., told the court that an expert hired by the defense connected DNA from two of the cases to Chester Turner, who was convicted of killing 14 women in the Los Angeles area in the 1980s and 1990s. At a pretrial hearing, Amster told the judge that the defenses case will revolve around the DNA evidence. He said his experts finding will produce lingering doubt in the minds of the jurors. Prosecutor Beth Silverman called the defense DNA findings outlandish. She said Turners DNA has been in the system for years and if any of the DNA evidence in the Franklin case was Turners it would have produced a match a long time ago. This guys taking it [the DNA] and doing his own abracadabra, Silverman told reporters, and coming up with a conclusion that is outrageous. The defense had requested DNA profiles of everyone who committed a violent felony during the 1980s and 1990s. Judge Kathleen Kennedy denied the motion, calling it a fishing expedition. Grim Sleeper Trial Date Set Feb. 6, 2015 - Nearly five years after a suspect was arrested in a series of Los Angeles murders known as the Grim Sleeper case, a trial date has finally been set. Superior Court Judge Kathleen Kennedy said jury selection will begin June 30 in the murder trial of Lonnie Franklin Jr., who is accused of killing 10 women and one man from 1985 to 2007. The setting of the trial date came after members of the families of victims in the case spoke out in court demanding a speedy trial. The family members were able to do so under the provisions of a new California law, known as Marsys Law, which is a voter-approved bill of rights for victims of crime. The law allows family members to address the court and demand a speedy trial. Those who spoke during the hearing blamed Franklins attorney for the delay in justice, saying he has been dragging his feet. Prior to the passing of Marsys Law, it was up to the discretion of the judge if victims families were allowed to speak at court hearings, parole hearings, and sentencing. The prosecution also blamed the defense for the delays in the case. Deputy District Attorney Beth Silverman said Judge Kennedy has failed to hold the defense to deadlines. Franklins attorney, Seymour Amster, said it was the prosecution who was responsible for delays because they have not turned over evidence in the case for further DNA testing. Amster said a defense expert found DNA from another man and three of the Grim Sleeper crime scenes and wants to run tests on more pieces found at the scenes. There are rumors that Im trying to delay this thing, he said. Im really not. Im a strong proponent of do it once, do it right. Previous Developments Grim Sleeper Evidence Legal, Judge RulesJan. 8, 2014DNA evidence that linked a former Los Angeles garbage collector to at least 16 murders was obtained legally, a California judge has ruled. Judge Kathleen Kennedy ruled that DNA from Lonnie Franklin Jr. could be used at his trial in what is known as the Grim Sleeper serial killer case. Death Penalty Sought for Grim SleeperAug. 1, 2011Prosecutors will seek the death penalty for a California man accused of the serial killings of women in a case known as the Grim Sleeper murders. Lonnie Franklin Jr. is facing charges in the murder of 10 women and attempted murder of another. More Victims Linked to Grim Sleeper?April 6, 2011Investigators in Los Angeles believe the Grim Sleeper serial killer, already accused in 10 murders, may be responsible for eight additional deaths. Police are looking for the publics help in identifying three possible victims of Lonnie Franklin Jr. from photos they found hidden at his home. Grim Sleeper Pictures Provide Few CluesDec. 27, 2010Suspecting more victims in the Grim Sleeper serial killer case, the Los Angeles Police Department released to the public 160 photographs of women found in the possession of the main suspect, Lonnie David Franklin Jr. Although many of them have been identified, none have turned out to be victims. Grim Sleeper Suspect Pleads Not GuiltyAug. 24, 2010The man accused of killing ten women in South Los Angeles in the Grim Sleeper case has entered a not guilty plea to 10 counts of murder and one count of attempted murder. Lonnie Franklin Jr. also faces special circumstance charges making him eligible for the death penalty in California. Arrest Made in Grim Sleeper Serial Killer CaseJuly 7, 2010Using DNA from his son to identify him as a suspect, the Los Angeles Police Department has arrested a man suspected in 11 serial killings going back to 1985. Lonnie Franklin Jr., who once worked as a police garage attendant, was charged with 10 counts of murder, one count of attempted murder with special circumstances of multiple murders. Police Release Sketch of Grim SleeperNov. 24, 2009The Los Angeles Police Department has released a sketch of a man they suspect in at least 11 deaths since the 1980s in hopes of tracking down the serial killer. The suspect is known only as the Grim Sleeper due to the fact that he apparently took a 14-year hiatus. Reward Set for Grim Sleeper Serial KillerSept. 5, 2008Los Angeles detectives hope a $500,000 reward set by the city council last week will produce some new leads in the case of a serial killer they believe is responsible for 11 deaths over a two decade period. All of the victims, 10 women and a man, were black and were found near South Los Angeles.

Critical analysis paper -Womens Philanthropy Board Fall Luncheon to Essay

Critical analysis paper -Womens Philanthropy Board Fall Luncheon to kick off yearlong commemoration of 50 Years of Integration at Auburn University the speaker was Marybeth Gasman - Essay Example Demonstrating her power of speech, her content had accurate facts; her speech seemed well organized with a clear introduction and good conclusion; the manner of delivery was perfect with high eloquence and clear voice as well as keeping the audience entertained throughout. It all showed how well prepared she was (Darlington, para.3). The contents of Professor Gasman’s speech concentrated on the theme of the event and sometimes beyond. She even touched on the need for students to recognize and appreciate efforts made by their respective colleges when they finish their education, expressing alarm over the decreasing number of people registering in alumni. To make her facts accurate, she shared statistics obtained from a recent study based on how African Americans give back to their Universities they graduated from and how they give in general to the church tithes offering and the family members (para.43). This example, however, did not go down well with the African American students in the room and most of them saw this piece of information irrelevant to the topic of the event (para.4). The speech was well organized and seemed to flow from the beginning to the end (para.17). Her introduction focused on huddles faced on the journey to academic excellence in various parts of the world. She made her introduction perfect by paying tribute to the students and staff who lost their lives in the deadly shooting at Connecticut elementary, which made her seize our attention (para.16). The introduction transited smoothly to her main speech of the day where she concentrated on the benefits of integration. She ended her speech by outlining a summary her main points thus making it a strong conclusion (para.46). The speech delivery was very convenient and thorough. She used an effective microphone with good sound quality that never jammed during her entire speech. The microphone made her voice loud enough and we got every detail of her speech clearly

Transformational Leadership.Criticisms And Arguments Against Essay

Transformational Leadership.Criticisms And Arguments Against Transformational Leadership - Essay Example I will go ahead and take my stand on the matter and support my stand based on several writers and what they have written about transformational leadership. This is a paper that will extensively be a research on the topic of criticism of transformational leadership. By the time you are finished reading this paper you will have shaped your opinion on the matter of transformational leadership. Theory of Transformational leadership Cox (2001) stated that there are two primary groups of leadership. He stated them as transformational and transactional. However, Downton (1973, as cited in Barnett et al. 2001) was the first who came up with the difference between transformational and transactional leadership but the concept garnered little attention until the articles on political leaders by James McGregor Burns’ (1978) came to be published. According to Burns he made the distinction between transformational leaders as being outstanding/extraordinary leaders who engage with supporters , with their focus on higher order intrinsic needs, and brought up awareness about the value of specific results and new ways in which those results might be obtained and transactional leaders as being ordinary leaders who interchanged tangible/concrete benefits for the loyalty and work of supporters (Barnett et al. 2001; Cox 2001; Gellis 2001; Griffin 2003; Assess & Piccolo 2004). The theory of transformational leadership was further developed by Bernard Bass by questioning Burns’ perception of transformational and transactional leadership as opposites on a procession. Instead he suggested that they are individual ideas and that good leaders illustrate the features of both (Judge & Piccolo 2004, p. 755). Hitler is a good example given of a transactional leader while the best example of a transformational leader is Gandhi. The interest in transformational leadership is as a result of two tendencies (Simic 1998, p. 50). First, important international changes in the economy fro m the early 1970s meant that a lot of large companies in the west, such as AT&T and General Motors had to put into consideration extreme changes in their methods of conducting business. Some of the factors were the rapid changes in technology, an increase in the circulation of products from recently industrialized nations, increased competitiveness among the competitors, pricing strategy in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) being volatile, and changing market structures led to a strong, volatile and competitive atmosphere in which important changes in the organization were crucial. Downsizing and adopting of new types of business agreement were the most common changes carried out. Therefore these changes took their toll on employee empowerment and satisfaction. This broke the old social agreement that had long term employment and in exchange get the employee's loyalty (Griffin 2003, p. 1). Secondly, in the 1970s, we had the contingency theory on leadership. Th e theory on leadership was established in research of behaviors, character, and circumstances and did not account for several untypical features in leaders (Simic 1998, p. 50). These are the fact tendencies that led to the realization of the theory of transformation. Odom and Green (2003), based on research and the analysis of a number of legal cases, claim that when the concept of transformational leadership is used in ethical dilemmas that managers face there is less litigation and better moral results than if the transactional approach to values that is common was used. Within academic surroundings, as a result of transformation

The importance of Customer Relationship Management

The importance of Customer Relationship Management The main of Customer Relationship Management is to gather information or data about the customers. By using the data the customer service is made easy for those dealing with the customers as they have the readily available information needed to solve the issues. If customer is satisfied then the organization can have profitable business and also the support staff have the more resources available . A more data work is needed for the customer relationship management and these data work include the customer name, address, date of transactions, pending and finished transactions, issues and complaints, status of order, shipping and fulfillment dates , account information and many more etc.., The support staff must have the information from the customers as to provide answer to their needs to solve the issues without having to wait in the queue for long time and also to avoid them from going to other departments of the bank. With these customer service representatives will also be able to see customers previous concerns. According to Lynette Ryals; Andrian Paine (2001) with all the information about the customers previous concern the customers with the same issue again will not have to say again the same story all over again. This helps the support staff in taking less time to solve the problem and helps in increasing higher productivity of the support staff. Management success depends on the customer relationship management as it give the customer satisfaction and efficiency of service information by the help desk people at banks. This system also helps the organizations future course of act, whether it involves separating out one of the products in the shelve and the products that are sold. The information provided by the customer relationship management also helps the marketing and advertising people in identifying what ideas work and which do not work. Integration of Customer Relationship Management systems is an important task in achieving successful business profits but its not that easy task to integrate CRM system in banks. Most of the banks fail to integrate the CRM system as they need to share information for it to be effective. These systems also help in business expansion as they can handle huge amount of data which helps in coping with the increased number of customers and their data. By successful installation and implementation of CRM system can be sure that banks business will be successful and their customers are lot more satisfied than before.(Adrian Payne; Pennie Frow 2003) Why Customer Relationship Management is important to the organizations? Some of the reasons are stated below: The main strength of the Customer Relationship management system is that it organizes and collects the information about the customers and with this information the marketing staff can analyze for the future opportunities for example by this system the banks analyze the needs of the based to the customers and whats the customer needs but they arent buying. By available information the marketing staff develops a sales strategy. This includes package of new products and services offering to the customers with some incentives. The other reasons for the importance of Customer Relationship Management System is that each every customer is important to the business but some other customer are more worth than others . By differentiation of sales efforts organizations can produce more profits per sale hour and also they can increase more sales. With the help of CRM tools they can identify the position of department sales are most profitable and which customers are expected to buy them. Customer satisfaction is vital in the CRM systems as customer satisfaction involves two ideas: one is to meet the customer needs and other is to keep the keep the promises or words to the customers. For example if a customer requests for an appointment and request was confirmed with appointment date , then if u deny his appointment on given time then this shows ur respect or value given towards the customer . In this way , CRM is used to make sure that the organization is meeting the customer needs as fully as possible. Professional handling of after sale contacts such as service calls , resolving customer issues or helping the customer to choose the right product. Last but not the least is CRM system helps the organization sales and customer support representatives to work in smarter way because it provides the improved information about the customers at their finger tips which helps in maximizing the revenue of the organization. 2.7 :Purpose Of Online Banking: With the banking experiences all the banks has entered the online bank market with them traditional banks have also been moving to Internet banking(Geralch, 2000) , there is a wide acceptance that future retail banking will be influenced by electronic transactions( Jhonson et al.,1995; Graham,1997; Treanor, 1997). With the estimation there would be 60% of retail banking transactions will be online in the next ten years time( Barwise, 1997), These estimation can also be increased now a days as some internet banks have no branch offices; which they can reduce costs of operating and fixed costs by having replaced staffs and physical facilities with Information Technology (IT). These facilities or services gave the internet banks to offer lower or no fee services and also offering higher interest rates on saving accounts than to the traditional banks (Geralch, 2000). 2.9 Different e-CRM models in Online Banking: There are different eCRM models implemented by different banks in order to have relationships benefits with the customers and to gain loyalty, customer lifetime value for the banks. One of the models for e-CRM is one-to-one relationship collecting the data about the individual customer and trying to offer them the products closer to individual need. Transparent Marketing: In this the company involves in giving the individual customer as much control of the offer as possible to customer. Classic CRM: here the customer data is grouped as to be managed in a limited number of segments with giving different offers to each segment. Personalized communications and targeting: here the offer is similar to each individual customer but there is a light difference in their movements towards specific individual customer. 2.9.10 Benefits of e-CRM to Banks and Customers: e-CRM e- CRM benefits to customers Customers Interaction and Satisfaction Convenience to the customers Transaction processing speed through e- response Quality service e-CRM benefits to Banks Better relationship with the customers Using e-mail as communication channel Personalized or one to one services Using internet and websites to market their products Transaction security is benefited 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction: In this chapter the main purpose is to look at the research methodology implemented by the researcher in this dissertation in order to collect data which will lead to successful literature review and to approach the theory by drawing conclusions from articles, theories and along with these some questionnaires that will lead to aim and objectives of the project. This chapter also gives some specific reasons why a research methodology has been used and it also shows how it helped to structure the content of this dissertation from a theoretical and also practical point of view. Primary and secondary data research may not be taken into consideration sometimes as it may not answer all the research questions the researcher wants to find out. This is because the information available may be out of date or it cannot relate the certain company or organization. But to answer the research question the researcher approaches primary research methods to find relevant information of the theory. 3.1.1: Research Plan and Objectives: The primary aim of the researcher is to examine and find the significance of electronic customer relationship management in online banking. Based on the case study and the questionnaire response the research questions can be examined and results can be obtained. 3.1.2: Designing the questionnaires: According to Saunders (2007) in order to do a flexible test the data collected from questionnaire and the reaction taken towards the data collected has a great extent, the researcher follows the Saunders statements as to design perfect data analysis a proper questionnaire must be designed. For a perfect data to compose one need a proper question and also data extracted from the questionnaire response will give proper data analysis. These data should be composed constantly. 3.1.3: Ethical issues of gathering data: As per Saunders (2007) variety of ethical issues are related with collected information, these ethical issues are dependent on the gathered data of both the qualitative or quantitative data. It is equally important that there should be a connection between the research problem, data collection and the analysis of the data. 3.1.4: Privacy and Anonymity: As per Saunders et al., (2007) privacy and anonymity are important to both organization or in person as it plays vital role in purchase access and meeting orders of an organization. According to Easter by -Smith in 2002 privacy and anonymity help in implication as research advancements for both the primary data collection and interviews. 3.1.5: Ethical issues: According to Saunders et al., most of the business studies and its research will always associate and maintain from the case of an organization which always guides to a series of ethical issues in a periodic manner. The researcher gets a contribution from the employees and customers of an organization while performing research in an organization or specific sector. With this the researcher can easily and analyzes the data as accurate information or primary data obtained. Researcher/Interviewer The researcher must be clear about the information required and based on that researcher designs a question. Respondent The question is decoded by the respondent in a way the researcher is intended. Researcher/Interviewer Researcher decodes the answer to analyze the data. Respondent Respondent answers or encodes the question Source:http://books.google.com/books?id=DKvOhRaTeXcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=foddy+1994source=blots=MNnxaHHFLWsig=KVEQmF2wgTvf9NJbRoiCw68EXNghl=enei=dq9xTNGSBtCPjAfXwLyoDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CCcQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=foddy%201994f=false Mainly types of questionnaires involve the grouping of release and blocked questions. Questions with comprehensible phrasing and also with provisos are probable to be recognizable, and understand by means of, by which the reactants can progress the strength of the questionnaire. From time to time release questions can be referred as open ruined questions (Dill man, 2000), and also reactants give the respond in their personal way (Fink, 1995a). 3.1.6: Data Used: In this research, the researcher has used both the primary and secondary data analysis. The researcher has used both qualitative and quantitative data analysis where both of them are having the potential as well as weak points (Smith, 1975).in this research the researcher has concentrated on both the primary data and the secondary data, In an organization point of view the researcher has taken a case study for the analysis of eCRM in online banking and questionnaire response was takes as primary data research. 3.2: Mechanisms Used: 3.2.1: Questionnaires: The researcher has circulated x number of questionnaires to the bank customers among the students of University of Salford, in which I got x number of responses. And these responses are analyzed for the accurate data required by the researcher. These questionnaires are best explained in the next section. 3.2.2: Data Presentation and Analysis Techniques: The researcher approaches Microsoft Excel for data presentation and presenting the questionnaires to the customers and also to differentiate the questions. Researcher has designed the semi structured graphs with respect to percentage ratios of customers response to the questionnaires. This avoids the confusion with the data analysis and helps researcher to frame and analyze the response data easily. 3.3: What is research question and objectives? 3.3.1: Research question: Whats the significance of eCRM in online banking? 3.3.2: Research Objectives: How eCRM implemented in online banking What benefits customers and banks achieve by eCRM technology in online banking To evaluate the eCRM technology implementation in online banking. 3.4: Research Design: As per Saunders (2007), research plan can be of how well the research questions can be responded and also significantly defining the research question, where it cannot be overstressed much. Research plan also includes the main objectives which are designed from the research questions by identifying where the data is collected from different sources and also considering the constraints as well as ethical issues between design and strategy. 3.4.1: Research Philosophy: According to Saunders (2007), the research philosophy is outlined because it has taken significant assumptions and also it regards the way from where the researcher wishes to vision the world. As per this, the main authority of process is likely to be mainly concentrated on the relationship between understanding the customers and the process on which it has to be improved. There are 3 ways of thinking in the philosophy of research. Axiology Epistemology Ontology(Saunders et al., 2007) Each and every approach differs in a way such that they have their own research procedure and the business situations of management research which are not only compound but also exceptional. (Saunders et al.,, 2007). 3.4.2: The Research Paradigm , design and methodologies: 3.4.3: The research Paradigm: Based on the examination and expressing form of research methodologies, the researcher obtains a qualitative and quantitative methodology of research paradigm. Effective and concentrated data is obtained by the qualitative research and over a specific period of time numeric data is obtained by quantitative analysis in natural settings. Surveys, surveillance, and interviews etc are the data gathering techniques involved in the collection of data. (Maykut et.al, 1998). 3.4.4: Epistemology: Interpretivism can be part of epistemology perspective as it advocates the necessity of the researchers to understand the differences between humans and their role as social actors (Saunders et al, 2007). In this epistemology the researcher must be in an empathetic stance, where the researcher needs to go into the world of their research subjects and from their point of view must be understood. This approach can be considered because it differentiates the subject matter between social sciences and the natural sciences. A different logic research procedure is implemented by Interpretivism as it reflects the distinctiveness of humans as against the natural order. http://www.essayforum.com/essay-writing-feedback-3/qualitative-research-methods-coursework-review-1952/ 3.4.5: Positivism: The research philosophy also produces the main factors of Positivism and this can also approve the philosophical situation of the natural scientists. Where positivism can be favored as working within the reality of social society and Physical and natural scientists produce researchers by the generalizations of end products (Remenyi et al. 1998). Positivism emerged due to the speculative philosophy inability to solve the philosophical problems which have been a raised as a scientific development. 3.4.6: Realism: In Realism scientific analysis is narrated when this is considered as one of the epistemological situations. Showing exactness of the objects that are having continuous self governing of the brain of human can be the exact meaning of Realism. Bringing up the actuality fact in which objects are of self determining of the human is the main history behind realism. The expansion of advance scientific information by realism can be part of epistemology which is related to positivism. (Mark Sanders et al., 2007). 3.4.7: Interpretive: The dissimilarities between the human beings and social performers is recognized by the supporters with the help of interpretive .Interpretive is also considered as a part of epistemology Interpretive is also called as symbolic interactions. Interpretive can be considered as sociological paradigm which differentiates by conducting research between humans and the objects like computers and automobiles. Understanding in an exact way and take action out in agreement is done in dramatic inventions where actors play a major part of role.(Mark Sanders et al., 2007). 3.4.8: Ontology: The philosophical study of nature of being or existence or reality is said to be as Ontology. Greater extension of the epistemological deliberations is considered when they move up the research questions of the supposition that are going to be included and regards of the work and the way the world work. Dedication is supposed to exist in different methodologies. Illustration of the supporters in the middle of business and researchers placed in management are two main features of Ontology. The first and main feature of ontology is about the objectivism.(Mark Saunders et al., 2007) 3.5: Research methodologies: 3.5.1: Qualitative and Quantitative: According to Zikmund (2000) any research should be qualitative or quantitative. Selectivity of approach based on the research objective is considered as quantitative research where as qualitative approach is based on the subjective nature of the research and this is also related to the case studies which are nearly related to the research objective. By conducting proper analysis which includes interviews, questionnaires, feedbacks, e-mails helps in answering the questions like why and how , which is considered as quantitative approach (Miles Huberman, 1994). Research papers and case study analysis are considered as qualitative methods of approach, where the main aim is to receive the information and there by understanding the research problem. From the above discussion it is clear evident that researcher gets the accurate data and also finds flexible to understand the research in particular. Thus quantitative research gives the researcher better idea of studying the objectives of the research rather than just generalizing them. 3.5.2: Research Strategy: Based upon research strategy there are different types such as experiments, surveys, observations, questionnaires and case studies. (Yin, 1994). 3.5.2.1: Experiments: Experiments conducted in any business have good perspective in establishing effective relationships. These experiments help to pick up a variable and allow controlling the other two likewise. Controlling circumstances leads to pick up one or more variable which can be operated to test a hypothesis, but controlling of circumstances is achieved by conducting experiments. (Zikmund, 2000). According to Yin (1994) this research study doesnt suit the experimental research strategy as it doesnt have control over the behavioral events. 3.5.2.2: Case Studies: In these case studies the researcher obtains the data from one or few similar situations in their research area of work. The case study explores the whole organization and this is main advantage of the case studies research strategy. An empirical examination of a definite event within the context of the real world can be considered as case study research strategy (Saunders et al., 2003). This approach also produces solutions to how, why, and what questions (Yin, 1994). In this research the researcher also choose the case study analysis within the organization point of view. 3.5.2.3: Observations: Observation strategy is much used in research by using the written or recorded data (Zikmund, 2000). One of the major advantages of the observation technique is that it records the behavior without relying on the respondents reports. The data collected is discrete and passive where respondents are not involved, it can often be considered as non -reactive. 3.5.2.4: Interviews: Face to face interview or questionnaire sent or formal surveys with structured questions are different types of interviews. (Yin, 1984). The researcher has chosen this method of research strategy such that researcher can analyse all the bank customers responses. The researcher has mainly chosen the survey methods by collecting data from the bank customers with help of questionnaires on the data sheets. Here the survey methods are implemented as this is convenient and inexpensive for the researcher to obtain the accurate data required for finding the results with respect to the literature review discussed. The survey methods can be of different types based on the objective of the organizations, the different sampling methods used in this research by the researcher are offline and online survey methods with questionnaire add to them. Offline survey: Convenience sampling method is one of the easy and inexpensive methods used in this research as it inexpensive, time saving and also it can obtain accurate data without spending much money. These also have the drawbacks but the implementation of convenience compensates other disadvantages. Probability sampling methods are expensive and time consuming when compared to convenience sampling methods and therefore the researcher has chosen convenience sampling method .However, before having the offline survey all the respondents must have following criteria to answer the questionnaire. Must be student of University of Salford. Must be familiar with internet so that they can be able to use internet banking service. The main aim of this offline survey is to obtain results from x number of students from different universities. Researcher also attempts to have survey from both the males and females for obtaining the valid data. For this approach, the researcher approached students of different universities to obtain the results by getting responses to the questionnaires in the data sheets. The time taken for having interview with respondents is less than two minutes to get the response data. The disadvantage of this kind of research method is the researcher can only obtain results to few students from different universities where this data cannot represent all the students of different universities in UK. Thus to overcome this kind of approach the researcher attempted online survey which did not limit the geographical representation of the respondent, which cannot be the negative issue of the research. By comparing these results from both online and offline surveys the researcher has drawn the conclusions. The questionnaire for the offline survey is presented in the appendix. Online survey: In this research the self satisfaction sampling method was used to obtain the results from the students. This method helps the researcher to get the response from different students from different universities in UK. Before this research the respondent must satisfy this criteria: Must be university student (full time) Must know the internet banking to answer the questionnaires. The main aim of the researcher is to obtain results from the students of different universities through the online questionnaire response. The researcher had designed in the questionnaire in http://www.surveygizmo.com/ and sent this online questionnaire to the University of Salford and various university students with the covering message to the respondents regarding the questionnaire response. The questionnaire was advertised on http://www.surveygizmo.com/ to obtain results from different students of different universities where researcher has friends in different universities. The researcher mainly concentrated on University of Salford, University of Manchester, University of Bolton, Liverpool Hope University and also students from different universities in UK through online questionnaire. The research questionnaire is presented in appendix. The questionnaire was sent to different students and out of them X number of responses were received in which only Y number of responses are valid as the customers cannot understand the questionnaire and this data was analysed using the reports from the response of the customers of the banks. Thus the online questionnaire was distributed to different students through university discussion forums or through the university administration network which took less than 10 minutes for the students to answer the questionnaire. The main Problem faced during this research is designing the questionnaire in the online survey website. The other problems are like students responding to only few questions and not to all the questions. 3.6 Ethical issues of Data Collection: There are few ethical issues occurred in this online survey. The online questionnaire doesnt have any personal data rather than the age and gender of the respondents. This is because the researcher attempted to compare results among different age groups among males and females. Here the main ethical issue is that the respondent answers the questionnaire only if that doesnt have any personal data questions such as name, address, mobile number etc. Thus the respondent answers the questions honestly with the belief. Due to fact that personal banking is a sensitive issue for many people, the researcher has mainly concentrated on subject related questions rather than personal data collection such as income, how often do they bank or any other personal questions which could affect the respondents response. |According Saunders et. al., the research should not embrace the population or any other material disadvantage. Here all the necessary precautions are taken to get response from the university students and results are analysed for the conclusion. Here the researcher did not offer any incentives to the respondents in order to get the response from different university students.

The Ada and Disability Related Harassment

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Disability-Related Harassment A Self-Advocacy Guide 3839 North Third Street Suite 209 Phoenix, AZ 85012 602-274-6287 (voice or TTY) 800-927-2260 (toll free) 602-274-6779 (fax) 100 North Stone Avenue Suite 305 Tucson, AZ 85701 520-327-9547 (voice) 800-922-1447 (toll free) 877-327-7754 (TTY) 520-884-0992 (fax) www. azdisabilitylaw. org [email  protected] org This guide was written by former University of Arizona, College of Law students: Kraig Gardner, Kevin Lira, Ryan McCarthy, Ruth Mendus, Cathy Nelson and Denise Quinterra.Funding for this document is provided by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Developmental Disabilities and Community Mental Health Services and the United States Department of Education, Rehabilitation Services Administration. Federal and state law can change at any time. If there is any question about the continued validity of any information in the handbook, contact the Ariz ona Center for Disability Law or an attorney in your community. The purpose of this guide is to provide general information to individuals regarding their rights and protections under the law.It is not intended as a substitute for legal advice. You may wish to contact the Arizona Center for Disability Law or consult with a lawyer in your community if you require further information. This guide is available in alternative formats upon request. Revised 100307 E-8 1 The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) and Disability-Related Harassment TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Disability-Related Harassment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1.Scope of this Guide †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 2. The Difference Between Disability-Related Harassment and Common, Everyday Harassment. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 3. The Difference Between Disability-Related Harassment and Retaliation. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 4.Other Types of Discrimination †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 B. Proving Disability-Related Harassment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 2. Elements of a Claim †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. Harassment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 C. The Rules About Employer Liability For Disability-Related Harassment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 1. Introduction. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 2. Owner Harassment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. Supervisor Harassment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 4. Co-Worker Harassment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 5. Non-Employee Harassment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 D. E. F. G. Duty to Employees to Avoid or Limit Harm †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Employer’s Responsibility to Prevent/Stop Harassment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Steps to Take If Your Employer Does Not Take Appropriate Action †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Introduction to the Americans with Disabilities (ADA) and this Guide†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 1. What Does the ADA Cover? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 2. How Does the Arizona Center for Disability Law Assist People with Disabilities? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 3.Why Does the ADA Include Employment Protections? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 4. When Do the ADA Employment Protections Apply? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 5. What Employers are Covered by the ADA? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 H. Legal Resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 A. Disability-Related Harassment 1. Scope of this GuideThis guide is meant to explain and describe: (1) Harassment based on disability; (2) when an employer is liable for harassment, and (3) some ways of dealing with harassment. The ADA protections described are available only to people who are qualified individuals with a disability under the ADA or who are harassed because of an association with a person with a disability (for example, a parent, son, daughter, friend, or co-worker of a person with a disability). If you are uncertain whether you are protected under the ADA, the Center has a guide that explains the meaning of the words, disability nd qualified. The title of that guide is, An Overview of the Employment Protections of the ADA. This guide is not intended to inform you about all employment-related claims, only those having to do with disability-related harassment under the ADA. This guide does not cover: à ¢â‚¬ ¢ retaliation; †¢ state law protections, such as worker’s compensation claims; †¢ tort claims related to harassment; or †¢ criminal claims related to harassment. Rasool works at a restaurant. He has a psychiatric illness. Several of his co-workers were very prejudiced and afraid of him because of his disability.To try and harass Rasool, they spraypainted his car with the word â€Å"crazy† and slashed his tires. Rasool’s co-workers may not only be harassing him in violation of the ADA, but also may have committed a crime. This guide does not cover criminal law and penalties. Report criminal conduct at the workplace to your employer. Your employer should report crimes to the police. If it does not, you should report crimes directly. Josefina has cerebral palsy. Her supervisor calls her offensive names related to her disability frequently and in front of all other employees.Josefina is humiliated and distressed by this treatment. She suffers phy sical symptoms, such as ulcers, that may be related to the treatment. Her employer may be in violation of the ADA. Josefina may have other state claims for emotional distress, including worker’s compensation. This guide does not provide information about these kinds of claims. For more information, contact a private attorney handling worker’s compensation. Visit the Arizona State bar directory at www. azbar. org for a list of attorneys specializing in worker’s compensation. 2. The Difference Between Disability-Related Harassment and Common, Everyday Harassment. The ADA was created to provide workers with disabilities a â€Å"level playing field† in the workplace. It requires employers to provide accessible facilities, to make special accommodations to the needs of protected workers, and to have employment practices that do not discriminate. The ADA also prohibits harassment based on disability, just as other federal laws prohibit harassment based on race, gender, national origin and religion.It is important to understand the difference between harassment and disability- related harassment. The law does not protect workers with disabilities, or any workers, from rude or uncivil people. The harassment must be severe and related to a person’s disability for the ADA to offer protection. Jane has a hearing impairment. She sometimes has problems understanding what people say to her. Dan is her supervisor. Dan is not a very pleasant person. He is constantly calling Jane and other workers lazy and slow. He often screams and yells when things do not go smoothly on the production line.Jane feels like Dan does not like her and the other workers. Dan may be harassing Jane in the common everyday meaning of harassment. Unfortunately, even though Dan’s behavior is not how we would like to see supervisors behave, it is not disability-related harassment. Let’s look at a situation that is very similar to the one in the first exam ple. Jane has a hearing impairment. She sometimes has problems understanding what people say to her. Dan is her supervisor. Dan is not a very pleasant person. He is constantly calling Jane and other workers lazy and slow.He also makes comments to Jane like â€Å"what’s the matter, didn’t you hear me? † and â€Å"can’t you understand anything? I thought you were deaf, not stupid. † Here, Dan’s harassment is related to Jane’s disability. It doesn’t matter if Dan is mean and rude to everyone else as well. When Dan’s harassment is severe and focuses on Jane’s disability, it is disability-related harassment. Making hostile comments is not the only form of disability-related harassment. Offensive jokes about persons with disabilities and offensive gestures and behavior can also be disability-related harassment. . The Difference Between Disability-Related Harassment and Retaliation. Another kind of treatment that is comm only confused with disability-related harassment is retaliation. Retaliation is adverse action taken against an employee because the employee (1) 2 opposed action by an employer that violated the ADA, or (2) participated in filing a formal complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or the Arizona Civil Rights Division of the Attorney General’s Office. An employer can use â€Å"harassment† to retaliate.For example, an employer can harass an employee because the employee requested an ADA accommodation. An employer could also retaliate by harassing an employee who filed an ADA charge of discrimination when denied a promotion. Both retaliation and disability-related harassment violate the ADA. It is useful to know the difference between retaliation and harassment when you are making a complaint to the EEOC. Bob has paraplegia. He uses a wheelchair. Sue is Bob’s supervisor. Part of Bob’s job includes occasionally going to the room where the old files are stored to get these old files.Some of the files are on high shelves that Bob has trouble reaching without help. Bob asked Sue if someone else could do the job of getting the old files. Sue said no. Before this, Bob had never had any problems with Sue. Bob decided to make a request for an accommodation to the department head, who is Sue’s boss. Sue was furious. She yelled at Bob for 15 minutes and told him that if he ever went above her head again that she would â€Å"make him sorry†. She asked him to withdraw his request for an accommodation. Bob refused.During the next week, Sue began to ask Bob to do things that had never been part of his job before. She started asking him to deliver papers all over the building. Bob had no problem doing this because the building was wheelchair accessible, but it took him quite a bit longer than it would have anyone not in a wheelchair because the accessible elevator was on the other side of the building. Sue complained to Bob that he was taking too long to do these deliveries. Bob tried to explain why it took him longer to deliver the papers, but Sue wasn’t interested.Bob tried to do the deliveries faster, but Sue wrote him up when he took longer than 15 minutes. After being written up 3 times in the next week, Sue fired him. When Bob complained to the EEOC, he told them he was harassed in retaliation for requesting an ADA accommodation. 4. Other Types of Discrimination Sometimes, other types of discrimination feel like harassment. When an employer treats a person differently because of his/her disability in any of the conditions or terms of employment, it may feel like harassment.For example, if a person with a disability has been working for the company for many years and has never been permitted to go to a training to improve his skills, yet employees with less company seniority are often sent to training, this may be discrimination in the terms of employment. For more information about yo ur right as a person with a disability to equal treatment, see the Center’s guide, â€Å"An Overview of the Employment Protections of the ADA. † In addition, when an employer refuses to make changes to the work or workplace so an individual can do his/her job or enjoy the benefits of employment, it may be an unlawful failure to accommodate. For more information about your rights regarding accommodations, see the Center’s guide, â€Å"The ADA and Reasonable Accommodations. † B. Proving Disability-Related Harassment 1. Introduction The ADA does not include a specific prohibition against harassment. Most courts looking at this issue have decided that the ADA prohibits disability-related harassment because of disability because employers must prevent discrimination in the terms and conditions of employment.This means employers must prevent a hostile workplace. 2. Elements of a Claim To prove unlawful harassment under the ADA, you must be able to prove the fol lowing: †¢ you work or formerly worked for a covered employer; †¢ you are a person with a disability; with a record of a disability; or are regarded as disabled; †¢ you are or were qualified to perform your job; †¢ you faced a hostile work environment; and †¢ you were harassed by a co-worker or a third party and your employer knew or should have known about the harassment.George’s co-workers suspect he is HIV-positive because he is gay. They spray painted his locker with the words â€Å"God’s punishment† and hung plastic gloves around the office for people to use to avoid physical contact with George. George does not have HIV but he is still protected under the ADA from disability-related harassment, as he is â€Å"regarded† as a person with a disability. 3. Harassment The harassment is so severe that it changes the conditions of your employment and creates an abusive working environment or results in a tangible employment action. The conditions of your employment must change when someone harasses you because of your disability. The conditions of your employment may change because the workplace is hostile or because of an â€Å"employment action. † Either change may support a claim of harassment under the ADA. 4 Hostile Work Environment. A disability-based harassment claim under the ADA means that your workplace is so full of discriminatory intimidation, ridicule and insult toward you that it has become an abusive place to work. These claims are called â€Å"hostile work environment† claims. The ADA does not rohibit simple teasing, offhand comments and isolated incidents. To decide if the harassment is â€Å"severe† or â€Å"pervasive† enough to create a hostile work environment, courts look at: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ whether the discriminatory conduct has happened only once or many times; how bad the treatment is; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating; and w hether it unreasonably interferes with your ability to work. Occasional hurtful remarks by co-workers will not usually be severe enough for a successful ADA claim, unless the occasional treatment develops into a pattern of abusive treatment.Even if some co-workers refuse to talk or associate with a disabled individual, it may not be enough to support an ADA claim for harassment because courts recognize that employers cannot force employees to get along with each and every other employee. Juanita is deaf. Her co-workers ignore her and don’t try to learn any signs so she can talk to them on breaks or at lunch. It is a simple fact that in a workplace, some workers will not get along with each other. A court will usually not find â€Å"cold shouldering† enough for an ADA claim.However, in another example, Juanita’s co-workers tease her by moving their fingers at her as though they were using sign language. The co-workers pretend they are talking to her by making mou th movements just to confuse her. She is called â€Å"deaf and dumb† by people at work. Neither her co-workers or supervisor will write notes to her about important things she needs to know at work. Juanita may have a claim for disability harassment and failure to accommodate by writing notes. Generally, one instance of harassment will not amount to discriminatory changes in the â€Å"terms and conditions of employment. However, even a one-time event may be severe enough to create a hostile work environment. The standard a court uses to decide if conduct is unlawful is whether a reasonable person would find the action offensive. 5 Because of a disability, Alberto needs to use two crutches with wrist straps in order to walk. He works evening shifts as a telephone solicitor. Alberto usually sets his crutches beside his desk while he is working. One night, two co-workers decided to pull a prank on Alberto. They took his crutches nd hid them. They told the other workers what the y were up to, including the assistant manager, who was in charge of the night shift. Then they pulled the fire alarm. Alberto heard the fire alarm and looked for his crutches so that he could exit the building. His crutches were gone and he did not know the alarm was a prank. The other employees acted like they were leaving the building and exited the floor. They left him alone for 30 minutes. When he tried to crawl to the exit, they came back and laughed at him.Even though this only happened once, Alberto most likely has a claim for disability-related harassment because this conduct was so severe any reasonable person would find it offensive. Tangible Employment Action. The conditions of your employment will also change when the harassment results in an â€Å"employment action. † Harassment that results in a tangible employment action will be enough to show severe harassment. A â€Å"tangible employment action† means an important change in your employment status, not just a minor change.It usually causes you direct economic harm, and most of the time can only be caused by a supervisor or a person acting with the authority of the company. Examples of tangible employment actions may include: T firing; T failure to promote; T demotion; T a reassignment that you did not want; T a significant change in your benefits; T a decrease in your pay; T a negative change in your work assignment; T a dramatic increase in your workload; T reassignment to a position that reduces earning capacity; T reduction in hours; T refusal to grant reasonable leave requests.Javier has a severe type of diabetes. He needs to take insulin at certain times and sometimes needs to eat small snacks. He asked his supervisor for an accommodation of a 15 minute break every two hours. Shortly after the supervisor found out about Javier’s disability, she reassigned him to a different department. If Javier’s salary and benefits are the same, and the supervisor only reassig ned him because the other department already has 15 minute breaks every two hours, that probably would not be an ADA violation.However, if the supervisor told Javier that she was reassigning him because she was personally bothered by needles and did not want him taking shots in her department, that would be a tangible employment action and Javier would have a claim of disability-related harassment under the ADA. 6 The mere threat of an employment action is not enough to support an ADA claim. The harassment must be unwelcome. Jaime is deaf. He works at a department store in the shipping and receiving department. Jaime and his supervisor Erin have a professional relationship.On a frequent basis, Erin makes uninvited and offensive remarks about deaf people. Jaime has been subject to unwelcome harassment. Aheem is blind. He works at a restaurant as a cashier. Aheem and his co-worker Brian, who is overweight, are constantly making fun of each other’s conditions in a good natured w ay. One day while they are teasing each other, Brian makes a joke about blind people. Because of the nature of their relationship, Aheem has probably not been subject to unwelcome harassment.The harassment must be based on your disability, your association with a person with a disability or your request for an accommodation. The person who is harassing you must be doing it because of your disability or your need for an accommodation. It is not enough that they harass you because they do not like you or because they harass everyone. Maria is a person who has cerebral palsy. She works for a local fast food restaurant. The assistant manager is named Fred. Fred yells at Maria and the other employees frequently. Sometimes he curses.He says things like: â€Å"Hurry the ____ up! † and â€Å"What the ____ is taking you so long? † Even though most people would agree that Fred should not talk to the employees that way, unfortunately Maria will probably not have an ADA claim if t he evidence shows that Fred uses abusive language with many employees, not just Maria, and that he acts no more harshly toward Maria than he does to anyone else. This is probably not harassment that violates the ADA. However, if Fred only yells and curses at Maria and not at other employees, alls Maria offensive names like â€Å"Spaz† and â€Å"Retard†, and treats her differently than other employees, this may be harassment that violates the ADA. 7 C. The Rules About Employer Liability For Disability-Related Harassment 1. Introduction. Employers are generally responsible to provide a work place that is free of serious offenses and abuse that are based on a person’s disability. For example, employers should not permit a work place where a worker who is mentally retarded is called â€Å"retard,† is not allowed to eat with co-workers, or is subjected to co-workers’ offensive mimicking.Owners of a company, supervisors, managers, co-workers and third pa rties, such as customers, can speak or take action that creates a hostile work place. An employer is responsible for the workplace no matter who causes the hostile environment, but the courts understand that employers may not know about the harassment unless it is reported. Courts have created different rules about harassment, depending on who does the harassing. Below is a chart with examples. If the harasser is a(n): then the employer is liable for Unless the employer can show the harassment when that Owner, manager, stockholder, the harassment occurs.CEO, or president Supervisor the harassment occurs and results in a negative employment action. the harassment occurs and causes a hostile working environment Supervisor Co-worker the employer knew or should have known about the discrimination. the employer knew or should have known about the discrimination it took reasonable steps to prevent and to quickly stop harassing behavior and the employee unreasonably failed to take advantag e of the employer’s efforts to prevent or stop the harassing conduct or to avoid harm. t took immediate and appropriate corrective action. Non-employees (e. g. , customer, student, sales personnel) it took immediate and appropriate corrective action. 8 2. Owner Harassment Companies are made up of people. Some people, such as owners, CEOs, directors, and stockholders â€Å"are† the company. When people who are the company harass, the company is automatically liable for the harassment. Albert & Sons owns a restaurant that employs 40 part- and full-time employees. J. E. Albert, one of the owners, is also the restaurant manager.Lydia has worked as the Director of Catering for the restaurant for 8 years. However, she develops breast cancer and must have a mastectomy and chemotherapy. When she returns to work on a half-time basis, J. E. Albert makes numerous offensive remarks including â€Å"She’s not a real woman anymore† and speculates out loud whether  "can she satisfy her husband. † He leaves photos of well-endowed women on her desk and bulletin board. He does this frequently and over many months. It is not necessary that Lydia reported the harassment because the harasser is a co-owner. . Supervisor Harassment Because a supervisor is given direct authority over an employee, the employer is responsible under the ADA for harassment by that supervisor. An individual is an employee's supervisor if he or she: a) has the power to make or recommend employment decisions affecting the employee, and b) directs the employee’s daily work activities. Whether a harasser is a supervisor is determined by his or her job function, not his/her job title. Jim, an individual living with HIV, works in a â€Å"team† environment.His â€Å"team leader† has made several derogatory comments about Jim's illness and has even gone so far as to say that it is not worth making the effort to promote Jim. The team leader makes recommend ations regarding promotions. In this situation, the team leader is a supervisor. An employer is always liable for harassment by a supervisor if that harassment results in some sort of employment action (e. g. , firing, change in work assignment, reduction in pay or hours, etc. ) This is because an employer is responsible for the acts of its supervisors; and employers should be encouraged to prevent harassment.However, even if an employment action does not result from the harassment, an employer may be liable if the harassment creates a hostile work environment. The employer will be liable for a hostile work environment created by a supervisor unless the employer can show that: (1) it took reasonable steps to prevent and stop harassment, and (2) the employee unreasonably failed to use the employer’s steps to correct or prevent the harassment. 9 Bette supervises the nursing assistants at a nursing home. One day she sees Joe, a nursing assistant, take some medication with his lu nch.She asks him what type of medication he is taking, and he voluntarily tells her he is taking prescribed medicine to treat his bipolar condition. From that day on, Bette treats Joe badly. She calls him â€Å"crazy,† â€Å"looney,† and a â€Å"nutcase† in front of patients and staff. When things get busy at work, she asks if he is â€Å"going to crack under the pressure. † On breaks, she asks him if â€Å"he has ever had shock treatment† or â€Å"tried to off himself. † She also tells other workers she hopes he will just quit before he screws up.The nursing home is liable for Bette’s harassment unless the nursing home can show they had a complaint procedure and would have promptly stopped Bette’s harassment, but Joe unreasonably refused to complain. 4. Co-Worker Harassment An employer is liable for a co-worker’s harassing conduct if it knew or should have known of the co-worker's misconduct, unless it can show it took immediate and appropriate corrective action. Ingrid is deaf. Her co-workers often mimic her, force her to speak, and make derogatory comments about her deafness.Her work environment has become a hostile one. This situation has continued for approximately 6 months at the same level of â€Å"hostility†. Ingrid mentioned the problem several times to her shift supervisor. Ingrid's supervisor is aware of this situation and should have taken some sort of corrective action (possibly sensitivity training and discipline of offending employee), but it has not happened. Her employer is liable for the harassment by her co-workers because it has not taken any steps to correct the action. Sara is a sous chef at a restaurant.She took some medical leave for a hospitalization related to suicidal tendencies due to severe depression. When she returned to work, a small group of her co-workers had learned about the reason for her leave and began taunting her. One day, all the knives at her work s tation were hidden and a note was left that no one wanted her to hurt herself. Another instance involved a bottle of candy pills that were left spilled all over her purse. Sara reported it but the management did not investigate or take any steps to correct it. The employer is liable for the harassment. . Non-Employee Harassment An employer is liable for a non-employee’s harassing conduct if it knew or should have known of the non-employee’s misconduct, unless it can show it took immediate and appropriate corrective action. In most places of employment, there are other people who enter a workplace or are part of a workplace who are not employees. For example, a store, movie theater, restaurant or gallery will have patrons and customers. Also places of employment may have 10 independent contractors who work at the facility.For example, a hospital may employ nurses, nurses aides, medical clerks and therapists, but the doctors are independent contractors and not employees. To become responsible for the non-employee’s harassing conduct, the employer must know about it. This is because it is more difficult for an employer to be aware of all of the day-to-day events at a workplace, particularly when they involve non-employees. Jarod teaches 7th-8th graders language arts/history at a private school. The students come to believe that Jarod is gay and jump to the conclusion that he is HIV positive or has AIDS.The students spray paint offensive references to HIV in the men’s bathroom. The school did not repaint the wall for over a month and did not investigate the students believed to be involved. The school will likely be liable for the harassment caused by the students. D. Duty to Employees to Avoid or Limit Harm In general, an employee facing harassment from a supervisor (not an owner) has a duty of reasonable care. This means that as an employee, you must use all available means of prevention provided by the employer to avoid harm.Failure to do this could result in the employer escaping its legal liability or possibly being required to pay less money if there is a judgment against it. As an employee, you must be aware of the opportunities made available by your employer to employees (such as a grievance procedure) to report problems and use them if faced with workplace harassment. However, there are certain situations in which failure to use the procedures might be considered reasonable. For example, if the employee reasonably believes that: the employer does not have a complaint system that has been given out r made available to employees; Julie is a full-time cashier in a major department store. She is hard of hearing and requires the use of a hearing aid. After a month, Julie is periodically bothered by fellow employees, who poke fun at her and use her hearing impairment as a subject for their jokes and harassment. Julie wants to approach her supervisor about the situation, but is unaware of any avenues for her ha rassment complaint. As a new employee, she has not been made aware of any complaint system.There is nothing posted in the employee’s lounge or in the materials given to her by her employer. Julie’s employer has a duty to make all employees aware of the existence of a complaint system. In this instance, Julie’s failure to make a complaint would probably be reasonable. a risk of retaliation exists for those who use the complaint process; 11 Sophie is faced with harassment. She wants to file a complaint with her supervisor. However, the supervisor and the harasser are close friends. Sophie is concerned that her complaint will not be given the proper attention.The procedure does not offer any exceptions for making a complaint to someone other than a supervisor. She does not file a complaint, and the situation continues. In this case, Sophie may have acted reasonably by not filing a complaint. obstacles to complaints were present; James is autistic and cannot read or write. He works as a dishwasher. The cooks and other dishwashers make fun of him. He wants to complain and tells his supervisor about the problem. His supervisor tells him he will only accept a formal written complaint and does not offer to help him write his complaint.James has not failed to take reasonable steps. the process for complaints was ineffective. Shop-Mart has a written harassment policy that is available on-line. All new employees are provided training about the complaint procedures. Anyone can come to the training room to look at the policy on-line. Jerry wants to complain about customers who taunt him and treat him badly because he is an amputee, but his store manager has a well-deserved reputation for never checking into complaints and telling people to work it out for themselves.Also, several of Jerry’s co-workers were marked poorly on their evaluation for not getting along with others after they made a complaint of harassment. Jerry is probably acting reaso nably when he does not use these procedures. Generally, it is better to put your complaint in writing so that you can later prove that you did let your employer know about the harassment by a co-worker, supervisor, or non-employee. You should also send a copy of your complaint to the owner or director of the company.However, at times there may be other reasons you might be justified in not making a complaint. For advice, call the ADA Employment Advice Line or a private attorney. E. Employer’s Responsibility to Prevent/Stop Harassment An employer has a duty to act reasonably to prevent and correct any harassment. The most effective way of exercising this duty is through an effective complaint procedure provided to all the employees in the workplace.If written and used properly by the employee, the employer can, in some cases, discourage harassment before it takes place and, in other cases, address it immediately to limit the harm. To meet its duty, an employer should establish , publicize, and enforce anti-harassment policies and complaint procedures. It is the EEOC’s position that all policies should be clearly 12 understandable and accessible to all employees in the workplace. In addition, an employer should provide extra training focusing on harassment so that all employees will be made aware of these policies.The EEOC advises that an employer’s complaint procedure should: provide a clear explanation of conduct that is against the law; assure employees who make complaints of harassment or provide information related to such complaints that they will be protected against retaliation; describe a complaint process that provides accessible avenues to make a complaint; be flexible about the format of the complaint; assure that the employer will protect the confidentiality of harassment complaints to the extent possible; make accommodations in the complaint process as needed for people with disabilities (e. . , large print policy for visually i mpaired employee; an interpreter to interview an employee who is deaf and complaining about harassment; provide a prompt, thorough, and impartial investigation; and assure that the employer will take immediate and appropriate corrective action when it determines that harassment has occurred. The policy should focus on the prevention of harassment. An effective policy of antiharassment provides employees with protection so that they may avoid potential harassment before it happens.The complaint procedure should also encourage employees to report instances of harassment. It should be set up to prevent employees from being intimidated by reporting these incidents. One effective method to avoid intimidation is to have employees report complaints to other employees who are outside of the direct line of command. An employee will be more willing to report harassment if he/she does not have to go through a â€Å"higher-up† who was directly involved in the incident.The policy should a lso contain information on important dates and deadlines for filing a complaint with the EEOC. Even if your employer does not have a harassment policy, you should report harassment by a co-worker, supervisor or third party to your employer. F. Steps to Take If Your Employer Does Not Take Appropriate Action Practical Tips to Help You Deal with Harassment check any materials you were given as an employee or that are available to all employees (e. g. , internet site) to see if there is a procedure for reporting discrimination and harassment to your employer; 13 f there is no procedure for reporting complaints, see if there is a procedure for reporting any problems and use it; keep a journal of what has been done to you, by whom, when, how often, where and how this affected your ability to do your job; be specific about the harassment that occurred; even if you are not sure whether the misconduct is offensive enough to be unlawful ADA harassment, you can still report it. It gives your e mployer a chance to stop offensive conduct before it becomes unlawful. alk with a trustworthy friend or a hotline for support†¦problems at work can be hard to live through, and sometimes it can seem like you're imagining things; if you are not afraid of the harasser, talk to the offender and tell them the behavior is offensive and keep notes of this conversation (and date them); talk to your supervisor or another person in authority and tell them what's happening; put your complaint in writing; use the ‘legal' words defined and explained in this guide so your employer will have a clear idea of what you are requesting; and send a copy of the complaint to the management or owner of the company.Keep in mind that in most cases of harassment (except by owner, CEO, director, etc. ), the employer is not liable unless he/she knew or should have known about the harassment. This means that in general it is a good idea for employees to report the harassment to the company. If there is a complaint procedure for reporting harassment, you should use the procedure to notify the company. Get Legal AdviceOne way to get brief legal advice is to call the Arizona Center for Disability Law at 1800-927-2260 (toll-free statewide) or at (602) 274-6287 in the Phoenix area, to an experienced advocate or attorney who can provide you with information about the protections of the ADA. If you want more information, you may request copies of the Center’s self-advocacy guides about the employment protections of the ADA and sign up for a free legal training in Tucson or Phoenix. Information about the guides and training is available at www. zdisabilitylaw. org. The Center can also provide you with lists of attorneys who practice employment law in Tucson and Phoenix. File a Charge of Discrimination You can also file a charge of discrimination with the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). â€Å"Charges† are complaints of discrimination. You can do it im mediately or wait until you have first complained to your employer. The EEOC will investigate your charge and determine whether there is reasonable cause to believe 14 discrimination has occurred.It will then issue a right to sue letter in all cases (except for the few selected cases in which it will file a lawsuit). In Arizona, the Civil Rights Division of the Arizona Attorney General's Office (ACRD) will also take your charge. You do not have to pay to file a charge with these offices. You can call (800) 669-4800 (voice) or (800) 669-4820 (TTY) for the EEOC or (520) 628-6500 for the ACRD in Southern Arizona. You must file a charge with the EEOC or the ACRD to be allowed to bring a lawsuit for employment discrimination based on disability.You have 180 days to file a charge under state law and up to 300 days to file under federal law. For more complete information about filing a charge, please see the Center's guide â€Å"How to Enforce Employment Rights under the Americans with Di sabilities Act. † Before you go to the EEOC or ACRD, please read the guide. G. Introduction to the Americans with Disabilities (ADA) and this Guide 1. What Does the ADA Cover? On July 26, 1990, the ADA was passed by Congress. The ADA provides major civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities.The intent of this federal law is to reduce barriers to persons with disabilities and provide equal opportunity in employment, public accommodations, public services, transportation, and telecommunications. The various titles of the ADA affect many aspects of the lives of people with disabilities. †¢ Title I makes it unlawful to discriminate against qualified people with disabilities in employment. †¢ Title II makes it unlawful for state and local governments and their agencies to discriminate in programs and services, including public transportation. Title III prohibits discrimination in access and enjoyment of public accommodation and commercial facilities, such as hotels, motels, restaurants, professional offices, doctor’s offices, lawyer’s offices, convention centers, stores, banks, museums, parks, schools, and recreation facilities. Title IV requires accessibility of telecommunication services to hearing impaired persons and other individuals with disabilities. Title V provides for recovery of legal fees and establishes a mechanism for technical assistance.Additionally, Title V includes a provision prohibiting either (a) coercing or threatening or (b) retaliating against the disabled or those attempting to aid people with disabilities in asserting their rights under the ADA. †¢ †¢ 15 2. How Does the Arizona Center for Disability Law Assist People with Disabilities? If you believe you have been discriminated against on the basis of a disability in employment or access to public services, public accommodations, public transportation or telecommunication services, staff at the Arizona Center for Disability Law can prov ide you with information about the ADA and enforcing your rights under the ADA.The Arizona Center for Disability Law is a non-profit, public interest law firm providing fee advocacy, information and referral services, legal research, community legal education, and, in selected cases, legal representation to individuals with disabilities and advocacy organizations throughout Arizona. The Center is the designated protection and advocacy (P&A) system providing services for Arizonans with a wide range of physical and mental disabilities. Assistance is provided for disability-related issues in established priority areas. Information about the eligibility requirements and priorities are available from the Center upon request.Assistance is provided according to program eligibility requirements, priorities and staff availability. This Guide is Not a Substitute for Legal Advice! The Arizona Center for Disability Law recommends that persons obtain professional legal advice to resolve a legal dispute regarding discrimination on the basis of a disability. This guide is not a substitute for legal advice. This guide is meant to provide people with disabilities with information and examples about employment protections under the ADA. The information in this guide is based in part on court cases interpreting the ADA.Courts in the various parts of the country interpret the ADA differently. Not all of this information may be true for people living outside of Arizona. 3. Why Does the ADA Include Employment Protections? Oftentimes, people with disabilities do not have an equal opportunity to work or advance in their employment. People with disabilities are often restricted in employment opportunities by many different kinds of barriers. Some face physical barriers that either make it difficult or impossible to get into and around a workplace or to use work equipment at the site.Some are excluded because they communicate differently than their co-workers. Still others are excluded because of rigid work schedules which do not permit flexibility for people with special needs because of a disability. In other cases, people are not denied opportunities because of actual barriers, but because of prejudice. These are the barriers in other people's minds: fears, stereotypes, presumptions and misconceptions about job performance, safety, absenteeism, costs or lack of acceptance by coworkers and customers. 16Congress enacted the ADA to eliminate these barriers to equal opportunity in employment. The ADA makes it unlawful for an employer covered by the law to discriminate against applicants and employees with disabilities. The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is responsible for enforcing this law. People with disabilities also have the right to bring private lawsuits against employers who discriminate against them if they first file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC within the time limits set out by the ADA.See the Center's guide, Ho w to Enforce Your Employment Rights Under the ADA, for more information about how to file a charge. However, the U. S. Supreme Court recently ruled that private individuals may not sue state employers for money damages under the ADA. Individuals may still file charges of discrimination with the EEOC against their state employer for other relief, such as court orders to stop discrimination. The U. S. Government can still file lawsuits against states for violating the ADA.The list of guides available through the Center about employment rights under the ADA include: O An Overview of the Employment Protections of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) The ADA and the Job Applicant The ADA and Reasonable Accommodations The ADA and Drug Testing How to Enforce Employment Rights Under the ADA The ADA and Medical Examinations The ADA and Confidentiality of Medical Information Taking Action–How to File a Charge When You’ve Been Treated Unfairly by an Employee Because You Have a Disability How to Ask Your Employer for an Accommodation That You Need Have you been Treated Unfairly at Work?O O O O O O O O O 4. When Do the ADA Employment Protections Apply? The ADA does not cover every employment situation between an applicant and an employer or an employee and an employer. For the ADA to apply to an employment arrangement, each of the following has to be true: †¢ the employer is covered by the ADA; †¢ the employee or applicant has a disability according to the ADA; †¢ the employee or applicant is qualified to perform the job; and †¢ the employer discriminates against an applicant or employee on the basis of disability. 17For more information about each of these requirements, see the guide, An Overview of the Employment Protections of the ADA. 5. What Employers are Covered by the ADA? The ADA applies to private employers with 15 or more employees. †¢ Includes employment agencies and labor unions. †¢ Includes a location or facilit y of a business with less than 15 employees whose total number of employees for the company in all locations and facilities combined equal 15 or more. Other laws may apply to persons with disabilities who are employed by smaller businesses.For more information, contact the Arizona Center for Disability Law or a private attorney. †¢ The ADA applies to state and local governments. Includes all state and local governmental agencies, departments and entities regardless of their size or number of employees. Although the ADA applies to state employers, the U. S. Supreme Court recently ruled that employees (and applicants) can not sue state employers in court for money damages. Individuals can still file charges of discrimination with the EEOC against their state employer. Individuals can still sue to require state employers to take action or stop discriminatory action.The U. S. Government can still file lawsuits against state employers under the ADA. Examples of state and local emplo yers include: public schools, public universities, police and fire departments, public libraries, museums, public parks and recreation facilities, and social welfare offices. The ADA does NOT apply to the federal government. The ADA does apply to employees of the U. S. Senate. However, generally if a person with a disability works or applies for a job with the federal government, a federal agency, or a fully owned U. S. Government corporation, then the ADA does not apply.However, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is another anti-discrimination law that offers employment protections. For more information about that law, contact the Arizona Center for Disability Law or an EEO officer of the federal agency where you work or a private attorney. Title I (Employment) of the ADA does NOT apply to Indian Tribes. Tribes may have their own affirmative action or anti-discrimination laws which may address discrimination on the basis of disability. Some tribes have adopted tribal laws or entered in to agreements to abide by federal discrimination laws similar to the ADA. 18 †¢